Illustration Credits

(License for asterisked items still pending)


Term Illustrations

  1. ἀγράμματος

    1. Figure 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Trier, Germany; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples, Italy; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Spotlights

      Image 1. Institut für Altertumskunde der Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany.

  2. ἀγρυπνέω

    1. Figure 1. Terme di Diocleziano, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    2. Figure 2. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Palazzo Altemps, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

    5. Figure 5. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Spotlights

      Image 1. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

  3. αἰθίοψ

    1. Figure 1. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, MA.

    2. Figure 2. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    3. Figure 3. Musei Capitolini, Rome; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    4. Figure 4. Qasr-el-Lebia, Libya; photo by Gilles Mermet/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Spotlights

      Image 1. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, MA.

  4. αἴνιγμα

    1. Figure 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Museo Gregoriano Etrusco, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. National Archaeological Museum, Istanbul, Turkey; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    4. Figure 4. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Figure 6. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    7. Figure 7. Photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    8. Figure 8. Photo by Richard M. Harley.

    9. Figure 9. Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano, Vatican City; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

  5. αἵρεσις

    1. Figure 1. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Museo Gregoriano Profano, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

  6. ἀναλαμβάνω

    1. Figure 1. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    2. Figure 2. Muzeul National de Istorie a Romaniei, Bucarest, Romania; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    3. Figure 3. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples.

    4. Figure 4. Victoria and Albert Museum, London; photo by Victoria and Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Spotlights

      Image 1. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Andrea Matone.

  7. ἀνάψυξις

    1. Figure 1. Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Scala/Ministero per i Beni e le Attivitá culturali/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

    3. Figure 3. Catacomb of S. Callisto, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

  8. ἀνίστημι

    1. Figure 1. Muzeul National de Istorie al Romanie, Bucharest; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    2. Figure 2. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

    3. Figure 3. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Musée de l’Arles Antique, Arles, France; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Andrea Matone.

  9. ἀποκαθίστημι

    1. Figure 1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Archaeological Museum, Piraeus, Greece; photo by Sites & Photos/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City.*

    4. Figure 4. Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Catacombe dei Santi Marcellino e Pietro, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Figure 6. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

  10. ἀρχηγός

    1. Figure 1. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; photo from Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. British Museum, London; photo by The Trustees of The British Museum/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    4. Figure 4. Photo by Richard M. Harley.

    5. Figure 5. Palazzo dei Normanni, Palermo, Sicily, Italy; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Figure 6. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    7. Figure 7. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

    8. Figure 8. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    9. Spotlights

      Image 1. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

    10. Image 2. Forthcoming.

    11. Image 3. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California; height 193.5 centimeters.

    12. Image 4. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California; Title: Plate with Relief Decoration, height 45 centimeters.

    13. Image 5. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    14. Image 6. Photo by Richard M. Harley.

  11. ἀσχημονέω

    1. Figure 1. Musée Condé, Chantilly, France; photo by Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Trier, Germany; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    6. Figure 6. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

    7. Figure 7. Staatliche Antikensammlung und Glyptothek, Munich, Germany; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    8. Figure 8. Battistero di San Giovanni, Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Florence; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    9. Figure 9. Photo from Bibleplaces.com.

    10. Figure 10. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

  12. βδέλυγμα

    1. Figure 1. Museo della Civilta Romana, Rome; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

    3. Figure 3. The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York; photo © The Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts; photo by Richard M. Harley. Gift of Emily Townsend Vermeule and Cornelius Vermeule in memory of Francis Henry Taylor.

    5. Figure 5. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

  13. γερουσία

    1. Figure 1. Palazzo Madama, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource/New York.

    2. Figure 2. Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; photo from Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

  14. γραμματεύς

    1. Figure 1. Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; photo by Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Museo Ostiense, Ostia, Italy; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples.

    4. Figure 4. Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    6. Spotlights

      Image 3. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

  15. γρηγορέω

    1. Figure 1. Archaeological Museum, El Jemm, Tunisia; photo by Gilles Mermet/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Photo from BiblePlaces.com

    4. Figure 4. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Basilica di Santa Vitale, Ravenna; photo Cameraphoto Arte, Venice/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Spotlights

      Image 1. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

  16. διακονία

    1. Figure 1. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California, height 46.5 centimeters.

    2. Figure 2. Musée National du Bardo, Tunis, Tunisia; photo by Gilles Mermet/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Museo della Civilta Romana, Rome; photo by Giraudon/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Florence; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    6. Figure 6. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Photo credit: image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, New York. Gift of John Morton Morris, in memory of Lawrence Turcic, 1988 (1988.231); (19.6 x 15.1 cm).

    7. Figure 7. Basilica di Santa Vitale, Ravenna; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    8. Figure 8. Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence; photo by Alinari/Art Resource, New York.

    9. Figure 9. Battistero degli Ariani, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Scala/Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali/Art Resource, New York).

    10. Spotlights

      Image 1. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

  17. δόξα

    1. Figure 1. Photo from BiblePlaces.com.

    2. Figure 2. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City, photo by Richard M. Harley.

    3. Figure 3. Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Florence; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

    5. Figure 5. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

  18. δοῦλος

    1. Figure 1. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California; Title: Relief with Heroic Banquet, height 50.6 centimeters.

    2. Figure 2. Israel Museum, Jerusalem; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Photo by Richard M. Harley.

    4. Figure 4. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. National Archaeological Museum, Athens; photo by Nimatallah/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Spotlights

      Image 1. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    7. Image 2. Terme di Diocleziano, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    8. Image 3. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California; height 79.9 centimeters.

    9. Image 4. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California; height 12.5 centimeters.

    10. Image 5. British Museum, London; photo by The Trustees of The British Museum/Art Resource, New York.

  19. ἐγώ εἰμι

    1. Figure 1. Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples; photo by Alinari/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Musei Capitolini, Rome; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

    4. Figure 4. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

    5. Figure 5. Catacombe de San Callisto, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Figure 6. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

  20. ἐλεημοσύνη

    1. Figure 1. Photo by Alinari/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo courtesy Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

  21. ἔργον

    1. Figure 1. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Alinari/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

    3. Figure 3. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    4. Figure 4. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    5. Figure 5. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    6. Figure 6. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    7. Spotlights

      Image 1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    8. Image 2. Photo from Bibleplaces.com.

    9. Image 3. Photo from Bibleplaces.com.

    10. Image 4. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

  22. ἔρημος

    1. Figure 1. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples.

    2. Figure 2. Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts; photo by Richard M. Harley. Gift of Emily Townsend Vermeule and Cornelius Vermeule in memory of Francis Henry Taylor.

    3. Figure 3. Israel Museum, Jerusalem; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Photo by Alinari/SEAT/Art Resource, New York.

  23. ἔσοπτρον

    1. Figure 1. Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica, Rome; Photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Christian Larrieu/Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Figure 6. Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Electa Mondadori/Art Resource, New York.

    7. Figure 7. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    8. Figure 8. Battistero di San Giovanni, Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Florence; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    9. Figure 9. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; photo by Werner Forman/Art Resource, New York.

    10. Figure 10. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    11. Spotlights

      Image 1. (A) Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley; (B) Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, New York; (C) Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley; (D) Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    12. Image 3. Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palace, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    13. Image 4. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; photo © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

    14. Image 5. Photo by Scala/Art Resources/New York.

  24. εὐαγγέλιον

    1. Figure 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    2. Figure 2. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    3. Figure 3. Pergamonmuseum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    4. Figure 4. Castello Sforzesco, Milan, Italy; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Musée de l’Arles Antique, Arles, France; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Spotlights

      Image 2. Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Scala/ Art Resource, New York.

    7. Image 4. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; image © Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, New York; 9.25 inches high, gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917.

  25. εὐεργεσία

    1. Figure 1. Photo by Alinari/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    3. Figure 3. Museo dell’Ara Pacis, Rome; photo by Nimatallah/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    6. Figure 6. Photo from BiblePlaces.com.

    7. Spotlights

      Image 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    8. Image 2. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California; height 89 centimeters.

    9. Image 3. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California; height 89 centimeters.

    10. Image 4. Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Trier, Germany; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    11. Image 5. Museo dell’Ara Pacis, Rome; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

  26. εὐσέβεια

    1. Figure 1. Photo by Richard M. Harley.

    2. Figure 2. Photos by Richard M. Harley.

    3. Figure 3. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    4. Figure 4. Photo by the Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Museo Paleocristiano, Aquileia, Italy; photo by Cameraphoto Arte, Venice/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Spotlights

      Image 2. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    7. Image 3. Photo by Richard M. Harley.

  27. θλῖψις

    1. Figure 1. Museo Archeologico, Venice; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California; Title: Lakonian Black-Figure Kylix, height 12.5, diameter 18.4 to 18.5 centimeters (without handles).

    3. Figure 3. British Museum, London; photo by SEF/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

    5. Figure 5. Photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Figure 6. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Andrea Matone.

  28. ἰδιώτης

    1. Figure 1. Altes Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    2. Figure 2. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    3. Figure 3. Ipogeo di Via Latina, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    5. Spotlights

      Image 1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

  29. ἱερόν

    1. Figure 1. © Reed Kaestner/CORBIS.

    2. Figure 2. Photo from BiblePlaces.com.

    3. Figure 3. © Charles & Josette Lenars/CORBIS.

    4. Figure 4. Museo della Civilta Romana, Rome; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

    6. Figure 6. Kunsthalle, Hamburg, Germany; photo by Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

    7. Figure 7. Museo della Civilta Romana, Rome; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

    8. Spotlights

      Image 1. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    9. Image 2. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    10. Image 3. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, Massachusetts; plan courtesy Leen Ritmeyer.

    11. Image 4. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, MA.

    12. Image 5. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, Massachusetts; plan courtesy Leen Ritmeyer.

  30. κηρύσσω

    1. Figure 1. Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Museo Chiaramonti, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Photo by Werner Forman/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Museo Arcivescovile, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

  31. κοινός

    1. Figure 1. Museo dell’Ara Pacis, Rome; photo by Alinari/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; photo by Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Museo dell’Ara Pacis, Rome; photo by Nimatallah/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Basilica di Santa Vitale, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Catacombe di San Callisto, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Spotlights

      Image 3. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

  32. κοινωνία

    1. Figure 1. Catacombe de San Callisto, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California; height 2.7, diameter 16.2 centimeters.

    5. Figure 5. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Figure 6. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

  33. κτίσις

    1. Figure 1. British Museum, London; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Musée du Louvre, Paris, photo by Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts; photo by Richard M. Harley. Excavation of Antioch and vicinity funded by the bequests of the Reverend Dr. Austin S. Garver and Sarah C. Garver.

    4. Figure 4. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    5. Figure 5. San Pietro in Vaticano, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Spotlights

      Image 1. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    7. Image 2. Museo Chiaramonti, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

    8. Image 4. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

  34. κύριος

    1. Figure 1. Musei Capitolini, Rome; photo by Alinari/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    3. Figure 3. Musei Capitolini, Rome; photo by Alinari/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    5. Figure 5. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    6. Figure 6. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    7. Figure 7. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

    8. Spotlights

      Image 1. British Museum, London; photo The Trustees of The British Museum/Art Resource, New York.

  35. λίθος ἐπὶ λίθον

    1. Figure 1. Jerusalem, Israel; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

    3. Figure 3. Museo della Civilta Romana, Rome; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

  36. μακροθυμία

    1. Figure 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Madeleine Coursaget/Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Palazzo Santa Sofia, Venice; photo by Cameraphoto Arte, Venice/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Curia Iulia, Forum Romanum, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Spotlights

      Image 2. Museum of the Treasury, Basilica di San Pietro, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Eric Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    7. Image 3. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; photo by Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

  37. μετάνοια

    1. Figure 1. Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York; photo by the Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    5. Figure 5. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Figure 6. Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

  38. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου

    1. Figure 1. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; Vatican Museum Archive photo © Vatican Museums.

    2. Figure 2. From "Europe: a Prophecy," 1794. Blake, William (1787-1827); Copy D, plate 1, frontispiece; Inv. PD1859,0625.72. Photo credit © British Museum, London/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; Vatican Museum Archive photo © Vatican Museums.

    5. Figure 5. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

    6. Figure 6. Museum of the Treasury, Basilica di San Pietro, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    7. Figure 7. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    8. Figure 8. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

  39. ὁμοθυμαδόν

    1. Figure 1. Muzeul National de Istorie a Romaniei, Bucarest, Romania; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    2. Figure 2. Musei Capitolini, Rome; photo by Alinari/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Palazzo Madama, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

  40. οὐαί

    1. Figure 1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    2. Figure 2. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

  41. παρρησία

    1. Figure 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Photo by SEF/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

    5. Figure 5. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    6. Figure 6. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

    7. Spotlights

      Image 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    8. Image 3. Basilica di Santa Vitale, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    9. Image 4. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

  42. περπερεύομαι

    1. Figure 1. Palazzo Madama, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Photo © Gilles Mermet/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    4. Figure 4. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Gerard Blot/Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence; photo by Alinari/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Spotlights

      Image 1. Museo Chiaramonti, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

    7. Image 2. Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford University, United Kingdom; photo by Richard M. Harley.

  43. πληρόω

    1. Figure 1. Museo Arcivescovile, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Museo Gregoriano Etrusco, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Gabinetto dei Disegni e delle Stampe, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    5. Figure 5. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    6. Figure 6. From folio 13v. of the Syriac Evangeliary of Rabbula (Ms. Plut. I 56) Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence; photo by Alinari/Art Resource, New York.

  44. πνεῦμα

    1. Figure 1. Photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; photo by Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

    5. Figure 5. Battistero degli Ariani, Ravenna; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Figure 6. Photo by Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

    7. Spotlights

      Image 1. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; Vatican Museum Archive photo © Vatican Museums.

    8. Image 2. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

  45. πραΰτης

    1. Figure 1. British Museum, London; photo by Trustees of The British Museum/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Palazzo Santa Sofia, Venice; photo by Cameraphoto Arte/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome; photo by Nimatallah/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples; photo by Alinari/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Mausoleo di Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Figure 6. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    7. Figure 7. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    8. Figure 8. Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Scala/ Art Resource, New York.

    9. Spotlights

      Image 1. Photo from Bibleplaces.com.

    10. Image 2. Israel Museum, Jerusalem; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    11. Image 3. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo by Richard M. Harley.

  46. πρεσβύτερος

    1. Figure 1. Museo dell’Ara Pacis, Rome; photo by Alinari/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

    3. Figure 3. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing, Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

  47. προγινώσκω

    1. Figure 1. Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; photo by Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; photo by Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Muenzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; photo by Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; Vatican Museum Archive photo © Vatican Museums.

    5. Figure 5. Museum of the Treasury, Basilica di San Pietro, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

  48. προσήλυτος

    1. Figure 1. Photo from Bibleplaces.com.

    2. Figure 2. Musei Capitolini, Rome; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    3. Figure 3. Archaeological Museum, Split, Croatia; photo by Alfredo Dagli Orti, Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Photo from BiblePlaces.com.

    5. Figure 5. Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Figure 6. Photo by Daniel Blatt; Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

    7. Figure 7. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

    8. Figure 8. Photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

  49. Σαδδουκαῖος

    1. Figure 1. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    2. Figure 2. Photo by Daniel Blatt, Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Spotlights

      Image 1. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    7. Image 2. Reifenberg Collection, Israel Museum, Jerusalem; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

  50. σημεῖον

    1. Figure 1. Catacombe dei Santi Marcellino e Pietro, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Catacombe dei Santi Marcellino e Pietro, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Basilica di Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Musée de l’Arles Antique, Arles, France; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Spotlights

      Image 1. Dura-Europos Collection, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut.

  51. τέλος

    1. Figure 1. Photo by SEF/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Museo dell’Ara Pacis, Rome; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    3. Figure 3. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; Vatican Museum Archive photo © Vatican Museums.

    5. Figure 5. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, New York. The work (39.2 x 26 cm.) is based on the Book of Revelation, chapter 10: "And the Angel Which I Saw Lifted Up his Hand to Heaven"; Rogers Fund, 1914 (14.81.1).

    6. Figure 6. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Andrea Matone.

    7. Figure 7. British Museum, London; photo by The Trustees of The British Museum/Art Resource, New York.

    8. Spotlights

      Image 2. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; Vatican Museum Archive photo © Vatican Museums.

    9. Image 4. Museo della Civilta Romana, Rome; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

  52. ὑπηρέτης

    1. Figure 1. Museo Ostiense, Ostia, Italy; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Photo by Richard M. Harley.

    3. Figure 3. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City, photo by Andrea Matone.

    4. Figure 4. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

    5. Spotlights

      Image 1. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

  53. Φαρισαῖος

    1. Figure 1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    3. Figure 3. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples; photo by Scala/Ministero per I Beni e le Attivitá culturali/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

    5. Figure 5. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Gérard Blot, Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Figure 6. Photo by Todd Bolen/Bibleplaces.com.

    7. Figure 7. Photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    8. Figure 8. Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Florence; photo by Nocolo Orsi Battaglini/Art Resource, New York.

    9. Spotlights

      Image 1. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

  54. φυσιόω

    1. Figure 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Figure 4. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    5. Figure 5. Sistine Chapel, Vatican Palace, Musei Vaticani; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    6. Figure 6. Photo by Richard M. Harley.

    7. Figure 7. Lady of the Assumption, Trieste, Italy; photo by A. Dagli Orti © DeA Picture Library/Art Resource, New York.

    8. Spotlights

      Image 1. Antikensammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; photo by Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, New York.

  55. ὠδίν

    1. Figure 1. Scavi di Ostia, Ostia, Italy; photo by Werner Forman/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Figure 2. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York/Art Resource, New York.

    3. Figure 3. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

  56. ὡραῖος

    1. Figure 1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    2. Figure 2. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    3. Figure 3. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

    4. Figure 4. British Museum, London; photo by the Trustees of The British Museum, Art Resource, New York.

Homepage Artwork

  1. Images

    1. Figure 1. Sanctuary of Athena near entrance to the renowned shrine of Apollo at Delphi. Built in the 4th century BCE, probably on a sacred site that predated Delphi itself, the sanctuary was still active throughout the New Testament period. The exact function of this circular structure in ancient worship is uncertain. (Photo from BiblePlaces.com)

    2. Figure 2. Inside an elaborately decorated home of Pompeii: atrium of the House of the Vettii and the peristyle and garden beyond it. In the first century CE, two wealthy freedmen known as the Vettii brothers, possibly wine merchants, purchased this building, probably after a damaging earthquake in 62 CE, overseeing its reconstruction and refined decoration. (Photo by Richard M. Harley)

    3. Figure 3. Fallen external walls at the Roman Forum reveal a honeycomb of internal chambers. These remains were part of the temples of Vesta (left) and of Castor and Pollux (right), built along the eastern slope of the Palatine Hill where Augustus and subsequent emperors built their homes. In the background lie the remains of the Domus Tiberiana, a monumental imperial residence, and buildings and shops along the via Nova. (Photo by Richard M. Harley)

    4. Figure 4. Shore of the Sea of Galilee, at the site of ancient Gergasa (modern Kursi), looking east toward Magdala on the western side. Gergasa is a possible location where Jesus healed the demoniac who identified his torments with the Roman military name, “Legion.” (Photo from BiblePlaces.com)

  2. Calligraphy

    1. The calligraphic representation of New Testament phrases is modeled after the handwriting of an Egyptian scribe who, in the late 2nd or early 3rd century, copied epistles attributed to Paul. The work of this scribe is found in the ancient manuscript known as P46. It is the oldest surviving document containing Pauline writings. Most modern scholars believe that three of the epistles included in P46 were composed by authors other than Paul – Hebrews, Ephesians, and Colossians – although early Christian circles in Egypt attributed these writings to Paul himself. The P46 scribe wrote on leaves of papyrus compiled in the book-like “codex” format. (Calligrapher: Maryanne Grebenstein, Abbey Studio)

Introductory Pages Artwork

  1. About This Project. Footpath mosaic in Herculaneum. (Photo by Richard. M Harley)

  2. The Theory. View showing portion of Palatine Hill overlooking Roman Forum. (Photo by Richard M. Harley)

  3. User Guides - For Educators. Floor mosaic depicting the Academy of Plato, Pompeii. (Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples, Italy; photo by Richard M. Harley)

Reference Material Illustrations

  1. Authors & Thinkers

    1. Aristotle

      1. Figure 1. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Chrysippus

      1. Figure 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    3. Cicero

      1. Figure 1. Museo Chiaramonti, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Demosthenes

      1. Figure 1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo by Richard Harley.*

    5. Diogenes the Cynic

      1. Figure 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    6. Epicurus

      1. Figure 1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    7. Herodotus

      1. Figure 1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, New York.

    8. Hesiod

      1. Figure 1. Musei Capitolini, Rome; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

    9. Homer

      1. Figure 1. British Museum, London; photo by The Trustees of The British Museum/Art Resource, New York.

    10. Menander

      1. Figure 1. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut; photo by Richard Harley.

    11. Plato

      1. Figure 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard Harley.

    12. Socrates

      1. Figure 1. Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Electa Mondadori/Art Resource, New York.

    13. Strabo

      1. Spotlights

        Image 1. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, MA.

  2. Definitions

    1. Isis

      1. Figure 1. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

      2. Figure 2. Musei Capitolini; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

    2. Mark 13—Visualization

      1. Figure 1. Photo: Richard M. Harley

      2. Figure 2. Photo: Richard M. Harley

      3. Figure 3. Photo: Richard M. Harley

  3. General Articles

    1. Why the Locals Worshiped Them

      1. Figure 1. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, title: Stele with Inscription; height 89 centimeters.

      2. Figure 2. Photo by Richard M. Harley.

      3. Figure 3. Pergamon Museum, Bergama, Turkey; photo by S. R. F. Price.

      4. Figure 4. Photo by Richard M. Harley.

      5. Figure 5. Cities of Paul, CD, Fortress Press; photo by Helmut Koester.

      6. Figure 6. Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

      7. Figure 7. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples; photo by SEF/Art Resource, New York.

      8. Figure 8. Pergamonmuseum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.*

      9. Figure 9. Photo by Gianni Dagli Orti/Art Resource, New York.

      10. Spotlights

        Image 1. Artwork: ESDesign, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Photo courtesy of NASA.

      11. Image 2. Artwork: ESDesign, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Sources: "Ephesos: Metropolis of Asia," ed. Helmut Koester (Harvard University Press, 1995); "Ephesus: The New Guide," ed. Peter Scherrer (Ege Yayinlari, 2000).

      12. Image 3. Artwork: ESDesign, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Sources: "Ephesos: Metropolis of Asia," ed. Helmut Koester (Harvard University Press, 1995); "Ephesus: The New Guide," ed. Peter Scherrer (Ege Yayinlari, 2000).

      13. Image 4. Ephesus Museum, Selçuk, Turkey; photo by Richard M. Harley.

      14. Image 5. Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; photo Art Resource, New York.

      15. Image 6. Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

      16. Image 7. Museo Pio Clementino, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

      17. Image 8. Photo by Richard M. Harley.

      18. Image 9. Efes Museum, Selçuk, Turkey; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    2. Framing the “New Age”

      1. Figure 1. Europe: a Prophecy, 1794. Blake, William (1787-1827) Copy D, plate 1, frontispiece: 'The Ancient of Days'; a bearded nude male (probably Urizen) crouching in a heavenly sphere, its light partially covered by clouds; his left arm holding a pair of compasses and reaching down with them, measuring the surrounding darkness. Color relief etching and white-line etching in blue, black, red and yellow; with added hand colouring. Inv. PD1859,0625.72 Location: British Museum, London, Great Britain Photo credit:© British Museum/Art Resource, New York Image Reference: ART318935

      2. Figure 2. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

      3. Figure 3. Photoservice Electa/Art Resource, New York.

      4. Figure 4. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

      5. Figure 5. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City.

      6. Figure 6. The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York/Art Resource, New York.

      7. Figure 7. Museo della Civilta Romana, Rome; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

      8. Figure 8. Pio Christian Gallery, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

      9. Figure 9. Musée de l’Arles antique, Arles, France; photo by Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.

      10. Figure 10. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

      11. Spotlights

        Image 1. Photo by Richard M. Harley.

      12. Image 2. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

      13. Image 3. Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Weimar, Germany; Foto Marburg/Art Resource, New York.

      14. Image 4. Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; photo by Reinhard Saczewski/Art Resource, New York.

      15. Image 5. Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

      16. Image 6. From art archive at Art Resource/New York.

  4. Literature Briefs

    1. Dead Sea Scrolls

      1. Figure 1. Photo by BiblePlaces.com.

  5. Rulers

    1. Alexander the Great (356–323 BCE)

      1. Figure 1. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California; height 29.1 centimeters.

      2. Figure 2. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples.

    2. Antiochus IV (175-164 BCE)

      1. Figure 1. Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts; photo by Richard M. Harley. Gift of Emily Townsend Vermeule and Cornelius Vermeule in memory of Francis Henry Taylor.

    3. Caesar Augustus (27 BCE-14 CE)

      1. Figure 1. Altes Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

      2. Figure 2. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

      3. Figure 3. Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

    4. Caesar, Julius (49-44 BCE)

      1. Figure 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    5. Claudius (41-54 CE)

      1. Figure 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard Harley.

    6. Cleopatra VII (51–30 BCE)

      1. Figure 1. Altes Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    7. Constantine the Great (306-337 CE)

      1. Figure 1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; photo by Richard M. Harley.*

    8. Domitian (81-96 CE)

      1. Figure 1. Musei Vaticani, Vatican City; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    9. Gaius Caligula (37-41 CE)

      1. Figure 1. Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    10. Hadrian (117-138 CE)

      1. Figure 1. Museo Capitolini, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    11. Marcus Aurelius (161–180 CE)

      1. Figure 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Hervé Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York.

    12. Nero (54-68 CE)

      1. Figure 1. Terme di Diocleziano, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Scala/Art Resource, New York.

    13. Nerva (96-98 CE)

      1. Figure 1. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California; height 33 centimeters.

    14. Tiberius (14-37 CE)

      1. Figure 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York.

    15. Titus (79–81 CE)

      1. Figure 1. Musée du Louvre, Paris; photo by Richard M. Harley.

    16. Trajan (98-117 CE)

      1. Figure 1. Cyrene Museum, Libya; photo by Gilles Mermet/Art Resource, New York.

    17. Vespasian (69–79 CE)

      1. Figure 1. Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome; photo by Vanni/Art Resource, New York.

  6. Timeline / Maps

    1. The World According to Strabo

      1. Figure 1. Rough copy of map credited to L.A. Lawrence by Horace Leonard Jones in Preface to: The Geography of Strabo. London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1917; copy prepared by Emily Scott Productions (Cambridge, MA).

    2. The Pre-Roman Mediterranean

      1. Figure 1. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, MA.

    3. The Roman World

      1. Figure 1. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, MA.

    4. Timeline of Authors and Works

      1. Figure 1. Emily Scott Productions, Cambridge, MA.